Preface
v
Acknowledgments
xi
Founding Documents
xiii
A.
Declaration of Independence
xiii
B.
Articles of Confederation
xvi
Table of Cases
xliii
The Constitution of The United States of America
1
pt. I
Structure and Powers of the National Government
17
ch. 1
Introduction to the Constitution of the United States
18
[Assignment 1]
I.
The Formation of the Constitution of the United States
18
A.
A Short History of the Adoption of the U.S. Constitution
18
English and American Constitutionalism
20
English Historical Background
23
The American Innovation of Written Constitutionalism: From Colonial Charters to the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and State Constitutions (1776-1787)
24
The Philadelphia Convention of 1787, the Campaign for Ratification, and The Federalist
28
The Federalist No. 1 (Hamilton)
31
The Federalist No. 40 (Hamilton)
32
The Federalist No. 43 (Hamilton)
34
Notes and Questions on the Adoption of the Constitution
35
[Assignment 2]
B.
The Nature of the Constitution: Purposes, Features, and Themes
37
The Federalist No. 39 (Madison)
37
Six Broad Themes of the Constitution
40
A Map of the U.S. Constitution
46
The Original Constitution
47
The Amendments
49
Notes and Questions on the Nature of the Constitution
51
[Assignment 3]
C.
The Addition of the Bill of Rights
52
The Federalist No. 84 (Hamilton)
53
What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Storing)
54
Notes and Questions on the Addition of the Bill of Rights
57
Did the Bill of Rights Originally Bind the States?
57
Barron v. Baltimore (1824)
58
Notes and Questions on Barron v. Baltimore
61
[Assignment 4]
II.
Early Controversies Under the Constitution
66
A.
The First Bank of the United States
67
Jefferson's Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank (1791)
69
Hamilton's Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank (1791)
71
The Bank of the United States, 1791 to 1832
74
Veto Message (1832) / Andrew Jackson
76
The Death of the Bank of the United States
79
Constitutional Interpretation in the Bank Controversy: The "Modalities" of Constitutional Argument Illustrated
79
"Departmentalism": Who Interprets the Constitution?
81
B.
Slavery
83
The Quaker Anti-Slavery Petitions of 1790
86
The Text of the Quaker Petitions
86
The Text of Franklin's Anti-Slavery Petition on behalf of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery
88
Slave Trade Debates (1790)
89
Franklin's Satire (1790)
96
Slavery Debates in the 1790s
98
Notes and Questions on the Constitution's Treatment of Slavery, the Quaker Anti-Slavery Petitions, and the "Decision of 1790"
98
[Assignment 5]
C.
The Neutrality Controversy
99
The Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
102
Pacificus, No. 1 (Hamilton)
102
Letters of Helvidius, Nos. 1 & 2 (Madison)
105
Neutrality Act of 1794
110
Notes and Questions
111
D.
The Correspondence of the Justices
112
Letter to the Justices of the Supreme Court from Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
112
Chief Justice Jay and the Associate Justices to President Washington
112
Notes and Questions
113
[Assignment 6]
E.
The Alien and Sedition Act Controversies
114
The Alien Friends Act (1798)
115
The Alien Enemies Act (1798)
116
The Sedition Act (1798)
116
Notes and Questions on the Alien and Sedition Acts
117
F.
Judicial Enforcement of the Sedition Act
119
United States v. Lyon (1798)
119
Notes and Questions on Lyon and Callender
122
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, the Northern Responses, and the Report of 1800
123
The Virginia Resolution of 1798 (Madison)
124
The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (Jefferson's Draft)
125
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1799)
129
State of New York (1799)
129
Madison's Report on the Virginia Resolutions (1800)
130
Notes and Questions on the State Resolutions
133
The Election of 1800: We the People Speak
135
Jefferson's Pardons for Violations of the Sedition Act and His Defense of the President's Independent Power of Constitutional Interpretation
136
Notes and Questions
137
ch. 2
The Power of Constitutional Interpretation
140
[Assignment 7]
I.
Introduction: Constitutional Supremacy and the Power of Interpretation
140
A.
Separation of Powers and Constitutional Supremacy
144
The Federalist No. 47 (Madison)
144
The Federalist No. 48 (Madison)
145
The Federalist No. 49 (Madison)
147
The Federalist No. 51 (Madison)
148
Notes and Questions on The Federalist Nos. 47-51
149
B.
The Debate Over Judicial Power
150
Essays of Brutus No. XI
151
The Federalist No. 78 (Hamilton)
154
The Federalist No. 81 (Hamilton)
159
Notes and Questions on Judicial Power to Interpret the Constitution and Historical Background to Marbury v. Madison
160
[Assignment 8]
C.
Articulating the Doctrine of Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison
164
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
164
Notes and Questions on Marbury v. Madison
173
Stuart v. Laird (1803)
178
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
179
Questions on Tocqueville's Democracy in America
182
II.
The Constitutional Dilemma of "Judicial Supremacy"
182
A.
Do the Supreme Court's Decisions Control the Constitutional Judgment of All Other Actors?
183
Letter to Abigail Adams / Thomas Jefferson
183
Letter to William Charles Jarvis / Thomas Jefferson
183
Letter Written in 1834 / James Madison
184
Excerpt from Lincoln-Douglas Debates / Abraham Lincoln
185
First Inaugural Address / Abraham Lincoln
185
Notes and Questions
185
B.
Judicial Supremacy as to Specific Judgments?
186
Background on Ex parte Marryman
188
Ex parte Mertyman (1861)
189
Note on Taney's Opinion and Lincoln's Response
190
Message to Congress (1861) / Abraham Lincoln
191
Attorney General Opinion (1861) / Edward Bates
192
Notes and Questions on Ex parte Merryman
194
ch. 3
The Distribution and Separation of Powers of the National Government
196
[Assignment 9]
I.
Introducing the Separation of Powers and Article I
197
A.
An Introduction to Separation of Powers
197
B.
A Map of Article I of the Constitution
202
II.
Article I: The Legislative Power
204
A.
"All Legislative Powers . . . ": Article I, Section 1, Clause 1 and the Boundary Between Legislative and Executive Power
204
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)
205
Notes and Questions on Youngstown
218
[Assignment 10]
B.
Article I, Section 1: The Principles of Enumeration and National Supremacy
219
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
220
Notes and Questions on McCulloch v. Maryland
235
A Note on Article I, Section 8
236
[Assignment 11]
C.
Article I, Section 1: Legislation and Delegation
238
Post Roads Debate (1719)
239
Field v. Clark (1892)
245
Mistretta v. United States (1989)
250
Notes and Questions on the "Non-Delegation Doctrine"
259
[Assignment 12]
D.
Article I, Sections 2, 3, and 5: Qualifications to Be a Member of the Senate or the House
259
Powell v. McCormack (1969)
260
Notes and Questions on Powell v. McCormack
265
State Power to Add Qualifications for Senators and Representatives
266
United States Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995)
266
Notes and Questions on Term Limits v. Thornton
281
[Assignment 13]
E.
Article I, Section 5: "Each House May Determine the Rules of Its Proceedings"
282
Testimony of Professor Steven G. Calabresi
283
Notes and Questions
284
Congressional Committees and the Power to Investigate
285
Kilbourn v. Thompson (1880)
286
McGrain v. Daugherty (1927)
289
Notes and Questions
292
F.
Article I, Section 6: The Speech or Debate Clause
294
Gravel v. United States (1972)
296
Notes and Questions
300
[Assignment 14]
G.
Article I, Section 7: Bicameralism and Presentment
301
INS v. Chadha (1983)
302
Notes and Questions on INS v. Chadha
310
Clinton v. City of New York (1998)
313
Notes and Questions on Clinton v. City of New York
321
[Assignment 15]
H.
Article I, Sections 9 & 10: "No Bill of Attainder or Ex Post Facto Law"; "No State Shall . . . Pass Any Bill of Attainder, Ex Post Facto Laws, or Law Impairing the Obligation of Contracts . . ."
322
United States v. Brown (1965)
323
Notes and Questions
332
Ex Post Facto Laws
334
Calder v. Bull (1798)
335
Notes and Questions
342
The Contract Clause
343
[Assignment 16]
III.
Article II: "The Executive Power Shall be Vested in a President of the United States"
346
A Map of Article II
The Executive Power
347
A.
Excerpts From The Federalist Papers
349
The Federalist No. 67 (Hamilton)
349
The Federalist No. 68 (Hamilton)
350
The Federalist No. 69 (Hamilton)
350
The Federalist No. 70 (Hamilton)
352
The Federalist No. 71 (Hamilton)
355
The Federalist No. 72 (Hamilton)
356
The Federalist No. 73 (Hamilton)
356
The Federalist No. 77 (Hamilton)
357
Notes and Questions
358
B.
Inherent Executive Powers?
360
In re Neagle (1890)
361
Notes and Questions
371
[Assignment 17]
C.
Presidential Power of Direction and Control
372
The President and the Accounting Officers (1823)
375
The Jewels of the Princess of Orange (1831)
377
Notes and Questions
380
The Power to Direct Non-Prosecution
381
United States v. Cox (1965)
381
Notes and Questions
394
[Assignment 18]
D.
Presidential Removal Power
395
Myers v. United States (1926)
398
Notes and Questions
411
Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935)
412
Notes and Questions
415
Morrison v. Olson (1988)
416
Notes and Questions
427
[Assignment 19]
E.
The Take Care Clause
428
Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes (1838)
429
Notes and Questions
436
Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (1984)
438
Notes and Questions
444
F.
The Pardon Power
444
The Federalist No. 74 (Hamilton)
445
Ex parte Grossman (1925)
447
Notes and Questions
452
[Assignment 20]
G.
The Appointment Power
453
The Federalist No. 76 (Hamilton)
454
Notes and Questions
456
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
456
Notes and Questions
461
Weiss v. United States (1994)
462
Notes and Questions
465
Morrison v. Olson (1988)
466
Notes and Questions
470
The Pay Czar Is Unconstitutional / Michael W. McConnell
472
Notes and Questions
473
United States v. Woodley (1985)
474
Notes and Questions
479
[Assignment 21]
H.
Executive Power and Foreign Affairs
479
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation (1936)
481
Notes and Questions on Curtiss-Wright
484
Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981)
486
Notes and Questions on Dames & Moore
491
Goldwater v. Carter (1979) (D.C. Circuit)
491
Goldwater v. Carter (1979)
499
Notes and Questions on Goldwater v. Carter
501
I.
The Treaty Power
501
Missouri v. Holland (1920)
502
Notes and Questions on the Treaty Power
503
Note on International Law and the Status of Treaties as U.S. Law
504
[Assignment 22]
J.
The War Power: Executive, Congressional, or Mixed?
505
Text
505
History
506
Madison's Notes: "To Make War" (1787)
506
Practice and Precedent
508
Declaration of War Against Japan (1941)
509
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
510
Notes and Questions
510
The War Powers Resolution of 1973
511
President Nixon's Statement Vetoing the War Powers Resolution (1973)
513
Notes and Questions
515
The Prize Cases (1863)
516
The Emancipation Proclamation (1862)
522
The Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
522
Dellums v. Bush (1990)
523
Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
528
Notes and Questions
529
On Terminating War
529
[Assignment 23]
K.
Military Commissions and Emergency Powers
530
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
530
Notes and Questions on Korematsu
541
Capture, Detention, Interrogation, and Military Punishment: The War Power Applied to Enemy Combatants
543
Ex parte Quirin (1944)
543
Notes and Questions on Quirin
553
Boumediene v. Bush (2008)
554
Notes and Questions
564
[Assignment 24]
L.
Article II, Section 4---Impeachment
564
Law Professors' Letter on the Clinton Impeachment
565
Impeachment / Michael Stokes Paulsen
567
"Impeachment? The Framers Wouldn't Buy It" / Cass Sunstein
571
Statement of Representative Charles Canady
574
Notes and Questions
575
[Assignment 25]
IV.
Article III: "The Judicial Power Shall Be Vested in One Supreme Court, and in Such Inferior Courts . . ."
579
A.
The Political Question Doctrine
580
Luther v. Borden (1849)
582
Notes and Questions
591
(Walter) Nixon v. United States (1993)
592
Notes and Questions
600
Non-Article III Courts
600
Notes and Questions
603
[Assignment 26]
B.
The Case or Controversy Requirement of Article III, Section 2
603
Massachusetts v. Mellon; Frothingham v. Mellon (1923)
607
Notes and Questions
611
Massachusetts v. Environemental Protection Agency (2007)
611
Notes and Questions
622
Summers v. Earth Island Institute (2009)
622
Notes and Questions
631
[Assignment 27]
C.
Congressional Power to Regulate the Jurisdiction of the Article III Courts
631
The Federalist No. 80 (Hamilton)
635
The Federalist No. 81 (Hamilton)
639
Curtailing the Jurisdiction of the Inferior Federal Courts
645
Sheldon v. Sill (1850)
646
Background to Ex parte McCardle
647
Ex parte McCardle (1868)
649
Notes and Questions
651
[Assignment 28]
D.
Sovereign Immunity
653
Chisholm v. Georgia (1793)
654
Notes and Comments
666
Hans v. Louisiana (1890)
668
Notes and Questions
671
E.
Federal Common Law
672
Swift v. Tyson (1842)
673
Notes and Questions
674
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938)
675
Notes and Questions
678
[Assignment 29]
ch. 4
Federalism
680
An Introduction to American Federalism
680
A Map of the Constitution's Federalism Provisions
683
The Federalist No. 10 (Madison)
686
Notes and Questions
691
I.
National Powers in Article I, Section 8
692
A.
The Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses
692
United States v. Lopez (1995)
693
Notes and Questions on Lopez
707
[Assignment 30]
A History of the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses in the Supreme Court
711
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)
719
Notes and Questions
723
Wickard v. Filburn (1942)
724
Notes and Questions
728
United States v. Morrison (2000)
728
Notes and Questions
737
[Assignment 31]
The Commerce Clause Meets the Delhi Sands Flower-Loving Fly
737
Rancho Viejo, LLC v. Norton (2003)
739
Notes and Questions
743
Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
744
Notes and Questions
759
[Assignment 32]
B.
The Taxing Power and the Spending Power
761
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. [Child Labor Tax Case] (1922)
763
Notes and Questions on the Taxing Power
768
United States v. Kahriger (1953)
768
Notes and Questions
772
South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
773
Notes and Questions on the Spending Power
781
[Assignment 33]
C.
Inherent National Power?
782
Paper Money
783
Knox v. Lee (1870)
783
Notes and Questions
790
Expelling Aliens
790
Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893)
791
Notes and Questions
801
The Draft
801
Selective Draft Law Cases (1917)
802
Notes and Questions
809
[Assignment 34]
D.
"Tenth Amendment" Constraints on Congress's Power
810
New York v. United States (1992)
812
Notes and Questions
825
Printz v. United States (1997)
826
Notes and Questions
840
[Assignment 35]
II.
Article IV Federalism: The Relationship of the States to Each Other and to the Nation as a Whole
841
A Map of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution
842
A.
The Full Faith and Credit and Privileges and Immunities Clauses
844
Sommersett's Case (1772)
847
Lemmon v. The People (1860)
848
Notes and Questions on Lemmon v. The People
853
[Assignment 36]
B.
The Fugitive Slave and Fugitive Extradition Clauses
857
Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
858
Notes and Questions on Prigg v. Pennsylvania
866
[Assignment 37]
C.
The Territories Clause, the New States Admission Clause, and Citizenship
867
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
870
Notes and Questions on Dred Scott
893
[Assignment 38]
D.
The Guarantee Clause: Secession and Reconstruction
898
Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1961)
899
Notes and Questions on Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861)
905
Texas v. White (1868)
910
Notes and Questions
913
ch. 5
The Constitutional Amendment Process: Article V of the Constitution
914
[Assignment 39]
I.
A Perfect Problem
914
II.
The Riddles of Article V
915
III.
Constitutional Amendment in Comparative Perspective
921
pt. II
Rights Against the Government
925
[Assignment 40]
ch. 6
The Bill of Rights
926
An Introduction to the Bill of Rights
926
I.
Freedom of Speech
931
A.
Two Paradigm Cases
932
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
932
Notes and Questions on United States v. O'Brien
938
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
939
Notes and Questions on Texas v. Johnson
949
[Assignment 41]
A Map of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech
950
B.
"Time, Place, and Manner" Regulation of Speech
959
Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984)
959
Notes and Questions on "Time, Place, and Manner"
966
[Assignment 42]
C.
First Principles of the First Amendment: The Core Prohibition on Content- and Viewpoint-Based Prohibition and Regulation
967
Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley (1972)
968
Notes and Questions on Mosley
971
Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. New York State Crime Victims Board (1991)
972
Notes and Questions on Simon & Schuster
979
Cohen v. California (1971)
979
Notes and Questions on Cohen v. California
984
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
985
Notes and Questions on Hustler v. Falwell
990
[Assignment 43]
R.A.V. v. St. Paul (1992)
991
Notes and Questions on R.A.V., Mitchell, and Virginia v. Black
994
Notes on Nazis in Skokie
997
American Booksellers Ass'n v. Hudnut (1985)
999
Notes and Questions on American Booksellers
1003
[Assignment 44]
D.
Incitement, Subversive Advocacy, Speech Urging Violation of the Law
1004
An Historical Introduction to Incitement, Subversive Advocacy, and Speech Urging Violation of the Law
1005
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
1018
Notes and Questions on Brandenburg
1020
Rice v. Paladin Enterprises, Inc. (1997)
1022
Notes and Questions on "Hit Man"
1030
The "Nuremburg Files" Case
1031
Notes and Questions on the "Nuremburg Files" Case
1033
[Assignment 45]
E.
Group Protests, Tortious Acts, Injunctions and Damages
1034
NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. (1982)
1034
Notes and Questions on Claiborne Hardware
1039
[Assignment 46]
F.
National Security, Classified Information, and the Problem of Exceptional Harm
1046
New York Times v. United States [The Pentagon Papers Case] (1971)
1048
Notes and Questions on The Pentagon Papers Case
1061
[Assignment 47]
G.
Compelled Speech
1066
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
1066
Notes and Questions on Gobitis
1070
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
1072
Notes and Questions on Barnette
1078
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
1079
Notes and Questions on Wooley v. Maynard
1082
From Freedom from Compelled Speech to Freedom of Expressive Association: The Right of Groups to Control the Content of their Own Expressive Messages
1082
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
1083
Notes and Questions on Hurley v. GLIB
1088
[Assignment 48]
H.
Collective Expression: Groups and the Freedom of "Expressive Association"
1088
Democratic Party of United States v. Wisconsin (1981)
1088
Notes and Questions on Democratic Party of United States
1090
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
1091
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
1096
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights (FAIR) (2006)
1101
Notes and Questions on Roberts, Boy Scouts, and FAIR
1106
Note on Campaign Finance and Freedom of Speech
1106
[Assignment 49]
I.
Religious Speech
1108
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia (1995)
1109
Notes and Questions on Rosenberger
1125
[Assignment 50]
J.
Student Speech: A Paradigm Case of "Government Enclaves"?
1128
Sonkowsky v. Board of Education (2003)
1130
Notes on Sonkowsky: The Problem of Free Speech in Public Schools
1131
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
1136
Notes and Questions on Morse v. Frederick and Student Speech
1145
[Assignment 51]
K.
The First Amendment Doctrines of Vagueness, Overbreadth, Licensing, and Standardless Discretion
1149
Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus (1987)
1149
Notes and Questions on Jews for Jesus
1152
[Assignment 52]
II.
Freedom of Religion
1154
A.
The Free Exercise Clause
1154
Stansbury v. Marks (1793)
1155
Notes and Questions on Stansbury v. Marks
1155
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
1158
Notes and Questions on Employment Division v. Smith
1166
[Assignment 53]
B.
The Establishment Clause
1171
American Jewish Congress v. City of Chicago (1987)
1172
Notes and Questions on Interpreting the Establishment Clause
1185
[Assignment 54]
C.
The School Prayer Cases: Establishment Illustrated
1190
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
1190
Notes and Questions on Engel v. Vitale
1193
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
1194
Notes and Questions on Lee v. Weisman, School Prayer, and Coercion
1204
[Assignment 55]
Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos (1987)
1207
Notes and Questions on Amos and Accommodation of Religion
1213
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
1215
Final Notes and Questions on the Religion Clauses
1217
[Assignment 56]
III.
The Second and Third Amendments
1217
The Federalist No. 28 (Hamilton)
1220
The Federalist No. 46 (Madison)
1220
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
1221
Notes and Questions on D.C. v. Heller
1235
[Assignment 57]
IV.
The Constitution and Criminal Proceedings: The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments
1237
A.
The Fourth Amendment
1237
Wilkes v. Wood (1763)
1239
Notes and Questions on Wilkes v. Wood
1240
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
1241
Notes and Questions on Mapp v. Ohio
1245
Kyllo v. United States (2001)
1247
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
1252
Notes and Questions on Terry v. Ohio
1257
[Assignment 58]
B.
The Fifth Amendment
1257
Schmerber v. California (1966)
1258
Compulsion to Produce Testimonial (and Non-Testimonial Evidence?)
1258
Notes and Questions on Schmerber v. California
1262
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
1263
Notes and Questions on Miranda v. Arizona
1270
Note on Miranda and the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
1274
Taking the Fifth (Apart): The Rest of the Amendment
1278
[Assignment 59]
C.
The Sixth Amendment
1281
Note on the Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel
1281
Note on Other Sixth Amendment Rights
1284
Note on the Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial
1285
[Assignment 60]
D.
The Eighth Amendment
1287
Harmelin v. Michigan (1991)
1288
Notes and Questions on the Eighth Amendment
1300
[Assignment 61]
V.
The Takings Clause
1302
What Is a Taking of "Property" for a Public Use?
1303
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987)
1304
What Is a "Taking" of Property for Public Use?
1307
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon (1922)
1307
Notes and Questions on Pennsylvania Coal
1309
What is a Taking of Private Property for a "Public Use"?
1311
Kelo v. New London (2005)
1311
Notes and Questions on Kelo
1318
VI.
The Ninth and Tenth Amendments
1319
Note on the Eleventh and Twelfth Amendments
1324
[Assignment 62]
ch. 7
The Reconstruction Amendments
1326
I.
History, Origins, Structure, Early Interpretation, Enforcement
1326
A.
The Thirteenth Amendment
1327
B.
The Fourteenth Amendment
1328
C.
Formative Judicial Interpretation and the Death of the Privileges or Immunities Clause
1334
The Slaughter-House Cases (1873)
1334
Notes and Questions on the Slaughter-House Cases
1348
[Assignment 63]
D.
What Is the Original Meaning of "Equal Protection of the Laws"? The Bradwell, Minor, and Strauder Cases
1353
Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)
1354
Minor v. Happersett (1874)
1357
Notes and Question on Bradwell v. Illinois and Minor v. Happersett
1360
Strauder v. West Virginia (1879)
1363
Notes and Questions on Strauder v. West Virginia
1367
[Assignment 64]
E.
The Civil Rights Cases and Congress's Power to Enforce the Reconstruction Amendments
1368
The Civil Rights Cases (1883)
1369
Notes and Questions on The Civil Rights Cases
1379
United States v. Morrison (2003)
1384
Notes and Questions on United States v. Morrison
1386
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
1388
Notes and Questions on City of Boerne v. Flores
1396
[Assignment 65]
II.
The Equal Protection Clause
1399
A.
The Segregation Cases
1399
Railroad Company v. Brown (1873)
1400
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
1401
Notes and Questions on Plessy v. Ferguson
1407
Cumming v. Board of Education (1899)
1409
Notes and Questions on Cumming
1411
Giles v. Harris (1903)
1411
Notes and Questions on Giles v. Harris
1413
Berea College v. Kentucky (1908)
1414
Notes and Questions on Berea College v. Kentucky
1419
[Assignment 66]
B.
The Desegregation Cases
1420
Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I) (1954)
1422
Bolling v. Sharpe (1954)
1425
Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II) (1955)
1426
Notes and Questions on Brown
1428
Browder v. Gayle (1956)
1435
Notes and Questions on Browder v. Gayle
1437
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
1438
Notes and Questions on Loving v. Virginia
1441
[Assignment 67]
C.
Discriminatory Intent Versus Disparate Impact
1444
Washington v. Davis (1976)
1444
Notes and Questions on Washington v. Davis
1448
D.
Affirmative Action/Racial Preferences
1451
An Introductory "Hypothetical": Taxman v. Piscataway
1451
Note on the History of the Development of Affirmative Action
1452
Racial Preferences in State University Admissions
1454
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
1454
Notes and Questions on Grutter v. Bollinger
1467
Notes and Questions on Affirmative Action Outside of Education
1471
[Assignment 68]
E.
Sex Discrimination
1473
Craig v. Boren (1976)
1474
Notes and Questions on Craig v. Boren
1480
United States v. Virginia (1996)
1484
Notes and Questions on United States v. Virginia
1491
[Assignment 69]
F.
Race, Sex, and ... What Else? Other Classifications Under the Equal Protection Clause
1492
The General Rule of "Rational Basis"
1494
What Categories for "Heightened Scrutiny"?
1495
Buck v. Bell (1927)
1497
Notes and Questions on Buck v. Bell
1499
Romer v. Evans (1996)
1500
Notes and Questions on Romer v. Evans
1508
Note on the "Fundamental Interests" Strand of Equal Protection Doctrine
1510
Final Thoughts on Equal Protection
1511
[Assignment 70]
III.
"Substantive" Due Process
1512
A.
The Lochner Era
1515
Lochner v. New York (1905)
1515
Notes and Questions on Lochner
1521
Nebbia v. New York (1934)
1524
Notes on Interring Lochner
1527
Meyer v. Nebraska (1923)
1528
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)
1530
Notes and Questions on Meyer and Pierce
1532
A Note on Procedural Due Process
1533
[Assignment 71]
B.
Substantive Due Process Revived
1534
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
1534
Notes and Questions on Griswold v. Connecticut
1546
Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972)
1547
Notes and Questions on Eisenstadt v. Baird
1551
[Assignment 72]
C.
Abortion
1552
Roe v. Wade (1973)
1552
Notes and Questions on Roe v. Wade
1561
[Assignment 73]
D.
Abortion, Substantive Due Process, and Stare Decisis: The Casey Decision
1570
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
1571
Notes and Questions on Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1595
[Assignment 74]
E.
More Substantive Due Process: Is There a "Right to Die"?
1601
Cruzan v. Missouri Dept. of Health (1990)
1602
Notes and Questions on Cruzan
1614
Washington v. Glucksberg (1997)
1615
Notes and Questions on Glucksberg
1625
[Assignment 75]
F.
Substantive Due Process and Gay Rights
1627
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)
1627
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
1633
Notes and Questions on Bowers and Lawrence
1647
Looking Back at Substantive Due Process
1649
[Assignment 76]
ch. 8
Representation, Republicanism, and Voting
1650
I.
Republicanism and Electoral Structures
1650
A.
Who Can Vote?
1651
Harper v. Virginia (1966)
1654
Notes and Questions on Harper v. Virginia
1657
B.
Creation of the one-Person, One-Vote Standard for Legislative Districting
1659
Baker v. Carr (1962)
1660
Notes and Questions on Baker v. Carr
1664
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
1665
Notes and Questions on Reynolds v. Sims
1667
[Assignment 77]
C.
Gerrymandering
1670
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
1671
Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004)
1676
Notes and Questions on Vieth v. Jubelirer
1687
Note on Incumbency-Protection Gerrymanders
1688
[Assignment 78]
II.
Case Study: The Presidential Election Process
1689
Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board (2000)
1691
Bush v. Gore (2000)
1694
Notes and Questions on Presidential Selection and The Presidential Election Cases
1708
Index
1711
